<p>The successful prediction of the recent cyclones in the Arabian Sea by Princeton University researchers along with the NOAA using climate models with temperature rise and atmospheric pollutants as variables raises poignant questions over climate change.</p>

<p>Foraminifera are sea organisms which have been widely used in palaeoceanography. The organisms indicate sea level changes and have played a significant role in identifying the oldest dockyard at Lothal in Gujarat.</p>

We need to realise that climate change under the Anthropocene, the present era of human civilization, may have long ranging impacts on the two Polar regions and therefore make some essential policy changes accordingly.

The Arctic amplification—as it has been termed, is resulting in a perceptible shift of this region to a new environment which is warmer, wetter and more variable than ever before.

In the central and eastern Himalayas, a general negative mass balance has been reported, whereas in the glaciers of the Karakoram Range in the northwestern Himalaya, heterogeneous behaviour is depicted.

Himalaya has been warming at a rate much higher than the global average. The results of studies on the glaciers of three basins - Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra conducted over three decades are discussed.

The cryosphere acts as sensitive thermometers recording the fluctuations in the climate. The Antarctic, the Arctic and the Himalaya are all showing signs of increasing ice mass loss on a decadal scale as a consequence of average rise of 0.8 oC in global temperatures since 1880 (IPCC, 2013). The meteorological observatories in the Arctic, the Antarctic and Tibet—demonstrate a rise in temperature over the last three decades.

<p>किसी ज्वालामुखी की परिभाषा शंकुकार अथवा गुंबद आकार की संरचना के रूप में दी जा सकती है, जो एक छिद्र के माध्यम से पृथ्वी के सतह पर निकले मैग्मा के परिणामस्वरूप निर्मित होती है। ज्वालामुखी सपाट ढालाकार से लेकर लम्बे और ढालू अलग-अलग आकारों के हो सकते हैं,</p>

<p>Causing the death of over 100,000 marine mammals and millions of fishes and birds annually, plastic waste dumped into the ocean has emerged as the biggest waste problem of planet Earth. While over 50 per cent of the ocean area is free of any national jurisdiction, increased ocean plastic is moving the world towards a global catastrophe.</p>

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